1. Victoria 2 Heavenly Kingdom

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, literally the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, later shortened^[1] to Heavenly Kingdom (simplified Chinese: 天国; traditional Chinese: 天國; pinyin: Tīanguó) or Heavenly Dynasty (Chinese: 天朝), was an oppositional state in China from 1851 to 1864, supporting the overthrow of the Qingdynasty by Hong Xiuquan and his followers. The unsuccessful war it waged against the Qing is known as the Taiping Rebellion. Its capital was at Tianjing (present-day Nanjing).

Below is a searchable list of all countries and country tags from Victoria II on Steam (PC / Mac). Enter the name of a country, or a country's tag, into the search box to instantly search our database of 225 Victoria 2 country tags. Jun 29, 2018 - The Heavenly Kingdom is a rebel state within China, representing the second (sedentary) stage of the Taiping movement under Hong Xiuquan,.

A self-proclaimed convert to Christianity, Hong Xiuquan led an army that controlled a significant part of southern China during the middle of the 19th century, eventually expanding to a size of nearly 30 million people. The rebel kingdom announced social reforms and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese folk religion by his form of Christianity, holding that he was the second son of God and the younger brother of Jesus. The Taiping areas were besieged by Qing forces throughout most of the rebellion. The Qing government defeated the rebellion with the eventual aid of French and British forces.

• 2History
• 4Policies
• 8References

Background[edit]

In the mid-19th century, China under the Qing dynasty suffered a series of natural disasters, economic problems, and defeats at the hands of the Western powers—in particular, the humiliating defeat in 1842 by the British in the First Opium War. The war disrupted shipping patterns and threw many out of work. It was these disaffected who flocked to join the charismatic visionary Hong Xiuquan.

Protestantmissionaries began working from Macao, Pazhou (known at the time as 'Whampoa'), and Guangzhou ('Canton'). Their household staff and the printers they employed corrected and adapted the missionaries' message to reach the Chinese and they began to particularly frequent the prefectural and provincialexaminations, where local scholars competed for the chance to rise to power in the imperial civil service. One of the native tracts, Liang's nine-part, 500-page tome called Good Words to Admonish the Age, found its way into the hands of Hong Xiuquan in the mid-1830s. Hong initially leafed through it without interest. After several failures during the examinations, however, Hong told friends and family of a dream in which he was greeted by a golden-haired, bearded man and a younger man whom he addressed as 'Elder Brother'. Hong worked another six years as a tutor before his brother convinced him that Liang's tract was worth examination. When he read the tract he saw his long-past dream in terms of Christian symbolism: he was the younger brother of Jesus and had met God the Father. He now felt it was his duty to spread Christianity and overthrow the Qing dynasty. He was joined by Yang Xiuqing, a former charcoal and firewood salesman of Guangxi, who claimed to act as a voice of God.^[2]

Feng Yunshan formed the Society of God Worshippers (Chinese: ; pinyin: Bài Shàngdì Huì) in Guangxi after a missionary journey there in 1844 to spread Hong's ideas.^[3] In 1847, Hong became the leader of the secret society.^[4] The Taiping faith, inspired by missionary Christianity, says one historian, 'developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion... Taiping Christianity'. Hong presented this religion as a revival and a restoration of the ancient classical faith in Shangdi.^[5] The sect's power grew in the late 1840s, initially suppressing groups of bandits and pirates, but persecution by Qing authorities spurred the movement into a guerrilla rebellion and then into civil war.

History[edit]

Establishment[edit]

The Taiping Rebellion began in 1850 in Guangxi. On January 11, 1851 (the 11th day of the 1st lunar month), incidentally Hong Xiuquan's birthday, Hong declared himself 'Heavenly King' of a new dynasty, the 'Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace'.^[6] After minor clashes, the violence escalated into the Jintian Uprising in February 1851, in which a 10,000-strong rebel army routed and defeated a smaller Qing force. Feng Yushan was to be the strategist of the rebellion and the administrator of the kingdom during its early days, until his death in 1852.^[7]

In 1853 the Taiping forces captured Nanjing, making it their capital and renaming it Tianjing ('Heavenly Capital'). Hong converted the office of the Viceroy of Liangjiang into his Palace of Heavenly King. Since Hong Xiuquan had been supposedly instructed in his dream to exterminate all 'demons', which was what the Taipings considered the Manchus to be, thus they set out to kill and wipe out the entire Manchu population. When Nanjing was occupied, the Taipings went on a rampage killing, burning and hacking 40,000 Manchus to death in the city^[8] They first killed all the Manchu men, then forced the Manchu women outside the city and burnt them to death.^[9]

At its height, the Heavenly Kingdom controlled south China, centered on the fertile Yangtze River Valley. Control of the river meant that the Taiping could easily supply their capital. From there, the Taiping rebels sent armies west into the upper reaches of the Yangtze, and north to capture Beijing, the capital of the Qing dynasty. The attempt to take Beijing failed.

Internal conflict[edit]

In 1853 Hong withdrew from active control of policies and administration, ruling exclusively by written proclamations often in religious language. Hong disagreed with Yang in certain matters of policy and became increasingly suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies, and his declarations when 'speaking as God'. Yang and his family were put to death by Hong's followers in 1856, followed by the killing of troops loyal to Yang.^[10]

With their leader largely out of the picture, Taiping delegates tried to widen their popular support with the Chinese middle classes and forge alliances with European powers, but failed on both counts. The Europeans decided to stay neutral. Inside China, the rebellion faced resistance from the traditionalist middle class because of their hostility to Chinese customs and Confucian values. The land-owning upper class, unsettled by the Taiping rebels' peasant mannerisms and their policy of strict separation of the sexes, even for married couples, sided with the Qing forces and their Western allies.

In 1859 Hong Rengan, a cousin of Hong, joined the Taiping Rebellion in Nanjing, and was given considerable power by Hong. He developed an ambitious plan to expand the kingdom's boundaries. In 1860 the Taiping rebels were successful in taking Hangzhou and Suzhou to the east (See also: Second rout of the Army Group Jiangnan), but failed to take Shanghai, which marked the beginning of the decline of the Kingdom.

Fall[edit]

An attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was initially successful but finally repulsed by a force of Chinese troops and European officers under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward.^[7] This army would later become the 'Ever Victorious Army', led by 'Chinese' Gordon, and would be instrumental in the defeat of the Taiping rebels. Imperial forces were reorganized under the command of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing government's reconquest began in earnest. By early 1864, Qing control in most areas was well established.

Hong declared that God would defend Nanjing, but in June 1864, with Qing forces approaching, he died of food poisoning as the result of eating wild vegetables as the city began to run out of food. He was sick for twenty days before the Qing forces could take the city. Only a few days after his death the Qing forces took the city. His body was buried and was later exhumed by Zeng to verify his death, and cremated. Hong's ashes were later blasted out of a cannon in order to ensure that his remains have no resting place as eternal punishment for the uprising.

Four months before the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favour of Hong Tianguifu, his eldest son, who was 15 years old then. Hong Tianguifu was unable to do anything to restore the kingdom, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to Qing forces after vicious fighting in the streets. Most of the so-called princes were executed by Qing officials in Jinling Town (金陵城), Nanjing.

Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. There were still several thousands of Taiping rebel troops continuing the fight. It took seven years to finally put down all remnants of the Taiping Rebellion. In August 1871 the last Taiping rebel army, led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (李福忠), was completely wiped out by the Qing forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.

Administration[edit]

The Heavenly King was the highest position in the Heavenly Kingdom. The sole people to hold this position were Hong Xiuquan and his son Hong Tianguifu:

Victoria 2 Heavenly Kingdom

Ranked below the 'King of Heaven' Hong Xiuquan, the territory was divided among provincial rulers called kings or princes; initially there were five – the Kings of the Four Cardinal Directions and the Flank King^{[citation needed]}). Of the original rulers, the West King and South King were killed in combat in 1852. The East King was murdered by the North King during a coup in 1856, and the North King himself was subsequently killed. The Kings' names were:

• South King (南王), Feng Yunshan (died 1852)
• East King (東王), Yang Xiuqing (died 1856)
• West King (西王), Xiao Chaogui (died 1852)
• North King (北王), Wei Changhui (died 1856)
• Flank King (翼王), Shi Dakai (captured and executed by Qing forces in 1863)

The later leaders of the movement were 'Princes':

• Zhong Prince (忠王), Li Xiucheng (1823 – 1864, captured and executed by Qing forces)
• Ying Prince (英王), Chen Yucheng (1837 – 1862)
• Gan Prince (干王), Hong Rengan (1822 – 1864; cousin of Hong Xiuquan, executed)
• Jun Prince (遵王), Lai Wenkwok (1827 – 1868)
• Fu Prince (福王), Hong Renda (洪仁達; Hong Xiuquan's second-eldest brother; executed by Qing forces in 1864)
• Tian Gui (田貴; executed in 1864)

Other princes include:

• An Prince (安王), Hong Renfa (洪仁發), Hong Xiuquan's eldest brother
• Yong Prince (勇王), Hong Rengui (洪仁貴)
• Fu Prince (福王), Hong Renfu (洪仁富)

Leaders of concurrent rebellions were similarly granted the title of King, such Lan Chaozhu, a leader in the Li Yonghe rebellion in Sichuan.^[11]

In the later years of the Taiping Rebellion, the territory was divided among many, for a time into the dozens, of provincial rulers called princes, depending on the whims of Hong.

Captured areas in Jiangsu were called “Sufu Province”.

Policies[edit]

Within the land that it controlled, the Taiping Heavenly Army established a totalitarian, theocratic, and highly militarized rule.^[12]

• The subject of study for the examinations for officials changed from the Confucian classics to the Bible.
• Private property ownership was abolished and all land was held and distributed by the state.^[13]
• A solar calendar replaced the lunar calendar.
• Foot binding was banned. (The Hakka people had never followed this tradition, and consequently the Hakka women had always been able to work the fields.^[14])
• Society was declared classless and the sexes were declared equal. At one point, for the first time in Chinese history civil service exams were held for women. Some sources record that Fu Shanxiang, an educated woman from Nanjing, passed them and became an official at the court of the Eastern King.
• The sexes were rigorously separated.^[15] There were separate army units consisting of women only; until 1855, not even married couples were allowed to live together or have sexual relations.^[16]
• The Qing-dictated queue hairstyle was abandoned in favor of wearing the hair long.
• Other new laws were promulgated including the prohibition of opium, gambling, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy (including concubinage), slavery, and prostitution. These all carried death penalties.

Hong Rengan's proposed reforms[edit]

In 1859 the Gan Prince Hong Rengan, with the approval of his cousin the Heavenly King, advocated several new policies, including:^[17]

• Promoting the adoption of railways by granting patents for the introduction of locomotives; 21 railways were planned for each of the 21 provinces.
• Promoting the adoption of steamships for commerce and defence.
• Establishment of currency-issuing private banks.
• Granting of 10-year patents for introduction of new inventions, 5-year for minor items.
• Establishment of a National Postal Service.
• Promoting mineral exploration by granting control and twenty percent of the revenue to the discoverers of deposits.
• Introduction of governmental investigative officers.
• Introduction of independent impartial state media officers for reporting and disseminating news.
• Institution of district treasuries and paymasters to manage finances.

Military procurement[edit]

While the Taiping rebels did not have the support of Western governments, they were relatively modernized in terms of weapons. An ever growing number of Western weapons dealers and blackmarketeers sold Western weapons such as modern muskets, rifles, and cannons to the rebels. As early as 1853, Taiping Tianguo soldiers had been using guns and ammunition sold by Westerners. Rifles and gunpowder were smuggled into China by English and American traders as 'snuff and umbrellas'. They were partially equipped with surplus equipment sold by various Western companies and military units' stores, both small arms and artillery. One shipment of weaponry from an American dealer in April 1862 already 'well known for their dealings with rebels' was listed as 2,783 (percussion cap) muskets, 66 carbines, 4 rifles, and 895 field artillery guns, as well as carrying passports signed by the Loyal King. Almost two months later, a ship was stopped with 48 cases of muskets, and another ship with 5000 muskets. Western mercenaries such as British, Italians, French and Americans also joined, although many were described as merely taking the opportunity to plunder Chinese. The Taiping forces constructed iron foundries where they were making heavy cannons, described by Westerners as vastly superior to Qing cannons.^[18] Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng advised his enemies that war with the Western powers was coming and the Qing must buy the best Western cannons and gun carriages, and have the best Chinese craftsmen learn to build exact copies, teaching other craftsmen as well.^[19]

Religious affairs[edit]

Initially, the followers of Hong Xiuquan were called God Worshippers. Hong's faith was inspired by visions he reported in which the Christian Lord greeted him in Heaven. Hong had earlier been in contact with Protestant missionaries and read the Bible. Officially, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom endorsed Hong Xiuquan's own version of Christianity combined with elements of Chinese folk religion. Although Hong's followers led the Kingdom, there were also adherents of Buddhism, Chinese folk religion and other religious traditions native to China.^[20] The libraries of the Buddhist monasteries were destroyed, almost completely in the case of the Yangtze Delta area.^[21] Temples of Daoism, Confucianism, and other traditional beliefs were often defaced.^[22]

Foreign affairs[edit]

The Heavenly Kingdom maintained the concept of the Imperial Chinese tributary system in mandating all of the 'ten thousand nations in the world' to submit and make the annual tribute missions to the Heavenly Court.^[23] The Heavenly King proclaimed that he intended to establish a new dynasty of China.^[24]

Currency[edit]

In its first year, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom minted coins that were 23 mm to 26 mm in diameter, weighing around 4.1 g. The kingdom's name was inscribed on the obverse and 'Holy Treasure' (Chinese: ) on the reverse; the kingdom also issued paper notes.^[25]

Impact on Hakkas[edit]

With the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing dynasty launched waves of massacres against the Hakkas, killing up to 30,000 each day during the height of the massacres.^[26] Another major impact was the bloody Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (1855 and 1867), which would cause the deaths of a million people.^[27]

See also[edit]

• Eastern Lightning, a Sect with a similar origin as Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Notes[edit]

¹Note that the uncommon variant character囯 is used, as opposed to the more common 國 (and later, 国). The Taiping used wang (王, 'king') in the center of their character, as opposed to the traditional Chinese huo (或, 'or', used as a phonetic marker) or the later simplified Chinese yu (玉, 'jade').

Note also that uses the traditional printed form of 天 with a longer upper stroke. This is similar to the Japanese ten天, but Unicode does not offer support as separate character, instead only displaying the Japanese version when Chinese functionality is disabled.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

1. ^Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). '22'. God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN0393285863. Hong Xiuquan ordered his troops and followers to drop the name Taiping, and instead to use the one word “Heavenly,” to pay proper homage to God the Father. As Li later phrases his unease: The Heavenly King always used heavenly words to admonish people. We, his officials, did not dare to challenge him, but let him give what names he wanted. Calling them “Heavenly Dynasty, Heavenly Army, Heavenly Officials, Heavenly People, Heavenly Commanders, Heavenly Soldiers and Royal Troops”
2. ^Spence (1990), p. p. 171.
3. ^'Feng Yunshan (Chinese rebel leader) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia'. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
4. ^'Taiping Rebellion (Chinese history) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia'. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
5. ^Reilly (2004), p. 4.
6. ^China: A New History, John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman. Harvard, 2006.
7. ^ ^abSpence (1996)
8. ^Matthew White (2011). Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History. W. W. Norton. p. 289. ISBN978-0-393-08192-3.
9. ^Reilly (2004), p. 139.
10. ^Spence 1996, p. 243
11. ^王新龙 (2013). 大清王朝4. 青苹果数据中心.
12. ^Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 190-91 (1966)
13. ^Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 105 (2010)
14. ^Spence 1996, p. 25
15. ^Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 105 (2010)
16. ^Spence 1996, p. 234
17. ^Teng, Ssu-yü; Fairbank, John King (1979). China's Response to the West: A Documentary survey 1839-1923. Harvard University Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN0674120256.
18. ^Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 237-238, 300, 311. ISBN0393285863.
19. ^Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). '22'. God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN0393285863.
20. ^Gao, James Z. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949). Scarecrow Press. p. 136. ISBN0810863081.
21. ^Tarocco, Francesca (2007), The Cultural Practices of Modern Chinese Buddhism: Attuning the Dharma, London: Routledge, p. 48, ISBN9781136754395.
22. ^Platt, Stephen R. (2012). Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. New York: Knopf. ISBN9780307271730.
23. ^Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). '14'. God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN0393285863. Our Sovereign, the T’ien Wang [Heavenly King], is the true Sovereign of Taiping of the ten thousand nations in the world. Therefore all nations under heaven ought to revere Heaven and follow the Sovereign, knowing on whom they depend. We are especially afraid that you do not understand the nature of Heaven, and believe that there are distinctions between this and that nation, not knowing the indivisibility of the true doctrine. Therefore we send this special mandatory dispatch. If you can revere Heaven and recognize the Sovereign, then our Heavenly Court, regarding all under heaven as one family and uniting all nations as one body, will certainly remember your faithful purpose and permit you, year after year, to bring tribute and come to court annually so that you may become ministers and people of the Heavenly Kingdom, forever basking in the grace and favor of the Heavenly Dynasty, peacefully residing in your own lands, and quietly enjoying great glory. This is what we, the great ministers, sincerely wish. You must tremblingly obey; do not circumvent these instructions
24. ^Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 116. ISBN0393285863.
25. ^'Money of the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace'. The Currency Collector. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
26. ^The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland - Page 120 Clyde Kiang - 1992
27. ^Mark Anthony Chang, Hakka–Punti Clan Wars, Guangdong, China, 1855-1867 Geni

Sources[edit]

Works cited

• Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN0295984309.
• Spence, Jonathan (1996), God's Chinese Son, New York: Norton, ISBN0-393-03844-0
• ——— (1990), The Search for Modern China, New York: Norton

Further reading[edit]

For a fuller selection, please see the section Taiping Rebellion: Further reading

• Platt, Stephen R. (2012). Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. New York: Knopf. ISBN9780307271730. Narrative history, with emphasis on the military aspects.
• Kuhn, Philip A. (1970), 'The Taiping Rebellion', in Fairbank, John K. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 264–350.
• Michael, Franz H. (1966). The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents. Seattle,: University of Washington Press. ISBN0295739592.

External links[edit]

• 撕下历史的“面膜”——读潘旭澜教授《太平杂说》‹See Tfd›(in Chinese)